Manuscript Number : IJSRST1196494

Understanding the Audit Expectation Gap : A Theoretical and Practical Perspective

Authors(1) :-Dr. Sanjeev Pal Singh

Audit expectation gap meaning the difference between what the public expect auditors to do, and what auditors believe they are required to do, has become a major issue in the auditing profession. This gap is however compounded in circumstances where organisations are involved in financial scandals from which key players like Enron, WorldCom, Cadbury Nigeria Plc, and African Petroleum Plc are not exceptional whereby public trust in financial reporting and auditing credibility is affected. These scandals usually reveal massive fraud and management manipulation of financial information, and although, auditors are key company personnel involved in these schemes, they usually fail to act as the watchdog that they are expected to be. This paper aims to review the origin of the audit expectation gap, especially the potential effect on the auditing profession and financial statement users as well as economic uniformity. The paper aims at exploring the social misconceptions about the auditors and their work especially in the area of fraud detection Together, the paper reviews the auditing profession maintaining that it central tenet is the recognition of management’s overall responsibility for corporate reporting. Analysing how that gap erodes confidence in the auditing profession especially at the backdrop and aftermath of global and regional financial meltdowns is the study’s next level. Through literature review and examination of practices in the accounting field, the study establishes problems and possibility of the expectation gap by workers, partiality and independency of auditors and unreasonable demand of the public in financial reports. Thus, the research increases the need to reconsider the roles of auditors, increase public awareness, and ensure that society expectations match the auditors’ capacity. These problems can be solved by means of changing the legislation, enhancing the cooperation between auditors and clients, and launching the campaigns that will help to reestablish the public confidence to the auditors and to protect the credibility of printed reports.

Authors and Affiliations

Dr. Sanjeev Pal Singh
Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce, R.B.S. College, Agra

Auditor, Audit Expectation Gap, Society, Firm.

  1. Abrema (2008), UK Registered Auditors, 15 Years Audit Experience.
  2. Adams, C.A. and Evans, R. (2004). Accountability, Completeness, Credibility and the Audit Expectations Gap. Journal of Completeness and Credibility, 14, 97-115.
  3. AICPA (1993). Professional Standards, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. New York, USA.
  4. Ajibolade, S. O. (2008). A Survey of the Perception of Ethical Behaviour of Future Nigerian Accounting Professionals. The Nigerian Accountant, 41(3), 54-59.
  5. Alleyne, P., &Howard, M. (2005). An exploratory study of auditors’ responsibility for fraud detection in Barbados. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(3), 284–303.
  6. Almer, R. and Brody, R. (2002). An Empirical Investigation of Context-dependent communication between auditors and bankers. Managerial Auditing Journal, 17(8), 478 - 488.
  7. Appah, E.(2010). Internal control system and optimization goals of business enterprises: A study of selected firms in Port Harcourt, rivers state. Inter. J. Econ. Dev., 9(1-2): 36-45.
  8. ASCPA / ICAA (1994). A Research Study on Financial Reporting and Auditing-Bridging the Expectation Gap.
  9. Bailey, K. E., Bylinsky, J.H. and Shields, M.D. (1983), “Effect of Audit Report Wording Changes on the Perceived Message,” Journal of Accounting Research, pp-355-370.
  10. Baker, P. (2002). Audit Committees: Solution to a crisis of Trust? Accountancy Ireland, 24(3): 67.
  11. Best, P. J., Buckby, S., & Tan, C. (2001). Evidence of the audit expectation gap in Singapore. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16(3), 134–144.
  12. Bollen, L. H. H., Mertens, G. M. H., & Meuwissen, R. H. G. (2005). The true causes of business failures. Financial Times.
  13. Bostick, L. N. and Luehlfing, M. S. (2004) Minimising the Expectation Gap. Academy of Accounitng and Financial Studies Journal, 8(1), 51-61
  14. Boynton, W., Johnson, R. and Kell, W. (2005) Assurance and the integrity of financial reporting(8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
  15. Brown, R. (1962). Changing audit objectives and techniques. The Accounting Review, 37(4),696-703.
  16. Chandler, R. A., Edwards, J. R., and M. Anderson (1993). Changing perceptions of the Role of company auditor, 1980-1940. Accounting and business research,23 (92): 443-459.
  17. Cohen Commission (1978). Report of the Commission on auditors’ responsibilities: Conclusions and Recommendations, New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
  18. Davidson, L. (1975) The role and responsibilities of the auditor: perspective, expectations and analysis. Unpublished background paper for the commission on auditors’ responsibilities.
  19. Dewing, I. P. and Russel, P. O. (2002). UK fund managers, audit regulation and the new Accountancy foundation towards a narrowing of audit expectation gap? Managerial Auditing Journal, 17(9), 537 - 545.
  20. Dixon, R.,Woodhead, A. D., &Sohliman, M. (2006). An investigation of the expectation gap in Egypt. Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(3), 293–302.
  21. Egbiki, H (2006), “Whistle Blowing Culture Imperative for Anti-Corruption Crusade “ The Guardian, 17 July, pp 56-57.
  22. Epstein, M. J., & Geiger, M. A. (1994). Investor views of audit assurance: Recent evidence of the expectation gap. Journal of Accountancy, 177(1), 60–64.
  23. Essia, U.(2005) Issues in Modern Economic Thought: The Evolution of Economic Facts (3). Phantoms and Fictions Seaspring Publishers, Calabar. European Commission (2010) Green paper on Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis.
  24. Fadzly, M.N. and Ahmad, Z. (2004). Audit Expectation Gap: The Case of Malaysia.
  25. Frank, K. E., Lowe, D. J., & Smith, J. K. (2001). The expectation gap: Perceptual differences between auditors, jurors and students. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16(3), 145–149.
  26. Ghali, G(2001) "The development of the audit profession to address contemporary problems and challenges of the Third Millennium", University House of Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Alexandria.
  27. Godsell, D., (1992). Legal Liability and the Audit Expectation Gap, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 8, November, pp. 25-28.
  28. Gramling, A., Schatxberg, J. and Wallace, A., (1996), “The Role of Undergraduate Auditing Coursework in Reducing Audit Expectation Gap”, Issues in Accounting Education, Spring, pp. 131-146.
  29. Gupta, K. (2005). Contemporary Auditing (6th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
  30. Guy, D. M., and. Sullivan D (1988). The Expectation Gap Auditing Standards, Journal of Accountancy, April, pp. 36-44.
  31. Haniffa, R., &Hudaib, M. (2007). Locating audit expectations gap within a cultural context: The case of Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 16(2), 179–206.
  32. Hayes, R., Schilder, A., Dassen, R. and Wallage, P. (1999). Principles of Auditing: An International Perspective. London: McGraw Hill
  33. Humphrey, C. & Turley, P. (1992). The audit expectation gap in the Uni ted Kingdom. Institute Of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London.
  34. Humphrey, C. G., Turley, W. S., & Moizer, P. (1993). The audit expectations gap in Britain: An empirical investigation. Accounting and Business Research, 23,395–411.
  35. Jakubowski, S.T., Bruce, P., Stone, J. and Gomer, C. (2002). SAS 82'S efforts on fraud Discovery. CPA Journal, 72(2), 42 - 47.
  36. Jarbou Y (2004). "Expectations gap between the financial community and the auditors and legal ways to address narrowing the gap", Journal of the Islamic University, a series of human studies, Volume 12, Number 2, P. 369.
  37. Jennings, M., Kneer D.C., and Reckers P.M. (1993). The Significance of Audit Decision Aids and Pre-case Jurist's Attitude on Perceptions of Audit Firm Culpability and Liability, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.489-507
  38. Lee T. H., Ali A. Md. and Gloeck J. D. (2009). The Audit Expectation Gap in Malaysia: An Investigation into its Causes and Remedies. South African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research, 9, 57-88.
  39. Lee, T.H., and Ali, A.Md. (2008). The Evolution of Auditing: An Analysis of the Historical Development. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 4(12).
  40. Leung, P., Coram, P., Cooper, B., Cosserat. G. & Gill. G. (2004). Modern auditing &assurance service (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Australia.
  41. Liggio, C. (1974). The expectation gap: The Accountant Waterloo. Journal of Contemporary Business, 3, 27-44.
  42. Lim, H., (1993), Address by the ICPAS President, Mr Lim Hock San, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 9, pp 9.
  43. Lin, Z.J. and Chen, F. (2004). An Empirical Study of Audit 'Expectation Gap' in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Auditing, 8. p. 93-115.
  44. Lowe, D. J. (1994). The expectation gap in the legal system: Perception differences between auditors and judges. Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(3), 39–44.
  45. Mahadevaswany, G. H. and Saleh, M. (2008). Audit Expectation Gap in Auditor Responsibilities: Comparison between India and Iran. International Journal of Business and Management,3 (11), 134-142
  46. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(7). p. 897-915.
  47. Matthews, M.R. and M.H.R. Perera(1996) Accounting Theory Development. The International Thomson Publishers, Melbourne.
  48. McEnroe, J. E., & Martens, S. C. (2001). Auditors’ and investors’ perceptions of the “expectation gap”. Accounting Horizons, 15(4), 345–358
  49. Monroe, G.S. and Woodcliff, D. (1994). An Empirical Investigation of the Audit Expectation Gap: Australian Evidence. Accounting and Finance, 47-74.
  50. Ojo, M. (2006) Eliminating the Audit Expectation Gap: Myth or Reality?
  51. Oyadonghan, J.K.(2006) Internal audit and the responsibility of preventing financial misappropriation in Bayelsa state public sector. Bayelsa J. Arts Sci., 1(2): 61-74.
  52. P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  53. Porter, B.(1991) Narrowing the audit expectation-performance gap: a contemporary approach. Pacific Accounting Review, 3(1):1-36.
  54. Porter, B. (1990) The audit-expectation-performance gap and the role of external auditors in society. Unpublished PhD thesis, Massey University.
  55. Porter, B. and Gowthorpe, C. (2004). Audit Expectation Performance Gap in the United Kingdomin 1999 and Comparison with the Gap in New Zealand in 1989 and in 1999. Edinburgh: Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland
  56. Porter, B.(1993). An empirical study of the audit expectation-performance gap. Accounting and Business Research, 24, p. 49-68
  57. Porter, B., Simon, J. &Hatherly, D. (2005). Principles of external auditing. John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
  58. Queenan, J. (1946). The public accountant of today and tomorrow. The Accounting Review,21(3): 254-260.
  59. Raiborn, C. & Schorg, C. 2004. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: An analysis of comments on the accounting related provisions. Journal of Business and Management, 10(1):1-13.
  60. Rezaee, Z. and Riley, R. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection (2nded.) New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
  61. Robertson, J.C. (1996) Auditing. 8th Ed., Irwin, New York.
  62. Salehi, M. and Rostami, V. (2009). Audit Expectation Gap: International Evidence. International Journal of Academic Research, 1(1).
  63. Schelluch, P. and Gay, G. (2006). Assurance provided by auditors' reports on prospective financial information: Implications for the expectation Gap. Accounting and Finance, 46(4), 653 -676.
  64. Shalkh, J.M. and Talha, M. (2003). Credibility and Expectation Gap in the Reporting on Uncertainties. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(6), 517 - 529.
  65. Sidani, Y. M. (2007). The audit expectation gap: Evidence from Lebanon. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(3), 288–302.
  66. Sikka, P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  67. Swift, T. and Dando, N. (2002). From methods to ideologies: closing the Assurance Expectations Gap in Social and Ethical Accounting, Auditing and Reporting. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 8, 81 - 90- winter, 2002.
  68. Whitting, O. and P any, K. (2004). Principles of Auditing and other Assurance Services (14th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill/Irwin.

Publication Details

Published in : Volume 4 | Issue 2 | January-February 2018
Date of Publication : 2018-02-28
License:  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Page(s) : 2364-2380
Manuscript Number : IJSRST1196494
Publisher : Technoscience Academy

Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Online ISSN : 2395-602X

Cite This Article :

Dr. Sanjeev Pal Singh, " Understanding the Audit Expectation Gap : A Theoretical and Practical Perspective", International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology(IJSRST), Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp.2364-2380, January-February-2018.
Journal URL : https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST1196494
Citation Detection and Elimination     |      | |
  • Godsell, D., (1992). Legal Liability and the Audit Expectation Gap, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 8, November, pp. 25-28.
  • Gramling, A., Schatxberg, J. and Wallace, A., (1996), “The Role of Undergraduate Auditing Coursework in Reducing Audit Expectation Gap”, Issues in Accounting Education, Spring, pp. 131-146.
  • Gupta, K. (2005). Contemporary Auditing (6th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
  • Guy, D. M., and. Sullivan D (1988). The Expectation Gap Auditing Standards, Journal of Accountancy, April, pp. 36-44.
  • Haniffa, R., &Hudaib, M. (2007). Locating audit expectations gap within a cultural context: The case of Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 16(2), 179–206.
  • Hayes, R., Schilder, A., Dassen, R. and Wallage, P. (1999). Principles of Auditing: An International Perspective. London: McGraw Hill
  • Humphrey, C. & Turley, P. (1992). The audit expectation gap in the Uni ted Kingdom. Institute Of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London.
  • Humphrey, C. G., Turley, W. S., & Moizer, P. (1993). The audit expectations gap in Britain: An empirical investigation. Accounting and Business Research, 23,395–411.
  • Jakubowski, S.T., Bruce, P., Stone, J. and Gomer, C. (2002). SAS 82'S efforts on fraud Discovery. CPA Journal, 72(2), 42 - 47.
  • Jarbou Y (2004). "Expectations gap between the financial community and the auditors and legal ways to address narrowing the gap", Journal of the Islamic University, a series of human studies, Volume 12, Number 2, P. 369.
  • Jennings, M., Kneer D.C., and Reckers P.M. (1993). The Significance of Audit Decision Aids and Pre-case Jurist's Attitude on Perceptions of Audit Firm Culpability and Liability, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.489-507
  • Lee T. H., Ali A. Md. and Gloeck J. D. (2009). The Audit Expectation Gap in Malaysia: An Investigation into its Causes and Remedies. South African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research, 9, 57-88.
  • Lee, T.H., and Ali, A.Md. (2008). The Evolution of Auditing: An Analysis of the Historical Development. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 4(12).
  • Leung, P., Coram, P., Cooper, B., Cosserat. G. & Gill. G. (2004). Modern auditing &assurance service (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Australia.
  • Liggio, C. (1974). The expectation gap: The Accountant Waterloo. Journal of Contemporary Business, 3, 27-44.
  • Lim, H., (1993), Address by the ICPAS President, Mr Lim Hock San, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 9, pp 9.
  • Lin, Z.J. and Chen, F. (2004). An Empirical Study of Audit 'Expectation Gap' in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Auditing, 8. p. 93-115.
  • Lowe, D. J. (1994). The expectation gap in the legal system: Perception differences between auditors and judges. Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(3), 39–44.
  • Mahadevaswany, G. H. and Saleh, M. (2008). Audit Expectation Gap in Auditor Responsibilities: Comparison between India and Iran. International Journal of Business and Management,3 (11), 134-142
  • Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(7). p. 897-915.
  • Matthews, M.R. and M.H.R. Perera(1996) Accounting Theory Development. The International Thomson Publishers, Melbourne.
  • McEnroe, J. E., & Martens, S. C. (2001). Auditors’ and investors’ perceptions of the “expectation gap”. Accounting Horizons, 15(4), 345–358
  • Monroe, G.S. and Woodcliff, D. (1994). An Empirical Investigation of the Audit Expectation Gap: Australian Evidence. Accounting and Finance, 47-74.
  • Ojo, M. (2006) Eliminating the Audit Expectation Gap: Myth or Reality?
  • Oyadonghan, J.K.(2006) Internal audit and the responsibility of preventing financial misappropriation in Bayelsa state public sector. Bayelsa J. Arts Sci., 1(2): 61-74.
  • P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  • Porter, B.(1991) Narrowing the audit expectation-performance gap: a contemporary approach. Pacific Accounting Review, 3(1):1-36.
  • Porter, B. (1990) The audit-expectation-performance gap and the role of external auditors in society. Unpublished PhD thesis, Massey University.
  • Porter, B. and Gowthorpe, C. (2004). Audit Expectation Performance Gap in the United Kingdomin 1999 and Comparison with the Gap in New Zealand in 1989 and in 1999. Edinburgh: Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland
  • Porter, B.(1993). An empirical study of the audit expectation-performance gap. Accounting and Business Research, 24, p. 49-68
  • Porter, B., Simon, J. &Hatherly, D. (2005). Principles of external auditing. John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
  • Queenan, J. (1946). The public accountant of today and tomorrow. The Accounting Review,21(3): 254-260.
  • Raiborn, C. & Schorg, C. 2004. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: An analysis of comments on the accounting related provisions. Journal of Business and Management, 10(1):1-13.
  • Rezaee, Z. and Riley, R. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection (2nded.) New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
  • Robertson, J.C. (1996) Auditing. 8th Ed., Irwin, New York.
  • Salehi, M. and Rostami, V. (2009). Audit Expectation Gap: International Evidence. International Journal of Academic Research, 1(1).
  • Schelluch, P. and Gay, G. (2006). Assurance provided by auditors' reports on prospective financial information: Implications for the expectation Gap. Accounting and Finance, 46(4), 653 -676.
  • Shalkh, J.M. and Talha, M. (2003). Credibility and Expectation Gap in the Reporting on Uncertainties. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(6), 517 - 529.
  • Sidani, Y. M. (2007). The audit expectation gap: Evidence from Lebanon. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(3), 288–302.
  • Sikka, P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  • Swift, T. and Dando, N. (2002). From methods to ideologies: closing the Assurance Expectations Gap in Social and Ethical Accounting, Auditing and Reporting. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 8, 81 - 90- winter, 2002.
  • Whitting, O. and P any, K. (2004). Principles of Auditing and other Assurance Services (14th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill/Irwin.
    • " target="_blank"> BibTeX     |
  • Godsell, D., (1992). Legal Liability and the Audit Expectation Gap, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 8, November, pp. 25-28.
  • Gramling, A., Schatxberg, J. and Wallace, A., (1996), “The Role of Undergraduate Auditing Coursework in Reducing Audit Expectation Gap”, Issues in Accounting Education, Spring, pp. 131-146.
  • Gupta, K. (2005). Contemporary Auditing (6th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
  • Guy, D. M., and. Sullivan D (1988). The Expectation Gap Auditing Standards, Journal of Accountancy, April, pp. 36-44.
  • Haniffa, R., &Hudaib, M. (2007). Locating audit expectations gap within a cultural context: The case of Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 16(2), 179–206.
  • Hayes, R., Schilder, A., Dassen, R. and Wallage, P. (1999). Principles of Auditing: An International Perspective. London: McGraw Hill
  • Humphrey, C. & Turley, P. (1992). The audit expectation gap in the Uni ted Kingdom. Institute Of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London.
  • Humphrey, C. G., Turley, W. S., & Moizer, P. (1993). The audit expectations gap in Britain: An empirical investigation. Accounting and Business Research, 23,395–411.
  • Jakubowski, S.T., Bruce, P., Stone, J. and Gomer, C. (2002). SAS 82'S efforts on fraud Discovery. CPA Journal, 72(2), 42 - 47.
  • Jarbou Y (2004). "Expectations gap between the financial community and the auditors and legal ways to address narrowing the gap", Journal of the Islamic University, a series of human studies, Volume 12, Number 2, P. 369.
  • Jennings, M., Kneer D.C., and Reckers P.M. (1993). The Significance of Audit Decision Aids and Pre-case Jurist's Attitude on Perceptions of Audit Firm Culpability and Liability, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.489-507
  • Lee T. H., Ali A. Md. and Gloeck J. D. (2009). The Audit Expectation Gap in Malaysia: An Investigation into its Causes and Remedies. South African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research, 9, 57-88.
  • Lee, T.H., and Ali, A.Md. (2008). The Evolution of Auditing: An Analysis of the Historical Development. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 4(12).
  • Leung, P., Coram, P., Cooper, B., Cosserat. G. & Gill. G. (2004). Modern auditing &assurance service (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Australia.
  • Liggio, C. (1974). The expectation gap: The Accountant Waterloo. Journal of Contemporary Business, 3, 27-44.
  • Lim, H., (1993), Address by the ICPAS President, Mr Lim Hock San, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 9, pp 9.
  • Lin, Z.J. and Chen, F. (2004). An Empirical Study of Audit 'Expectation Gap' in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Auditing, 8. p. 93-115.
  • Lowe, D. J. (1994). The expectation gap in the legal system: Perception differences between auditors and judges. Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(3), 39–44.
  • Mahadevaswany, G. H. and Saleh, M. (2008). Audit Expectation Gap in Auditor Responsibilities: Comparison between India and Iran. International Journal of Business and Management,3 (11), 134-142
  • Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(7). p. 897-915.
  • Matthews, M.R. and M.H.R. Perera(1996) Accounting Theory Development. The International Thomson Publishers, Melbourne.
  • McEnroe, J. E., & Martens, S. C. (2001). Auditors’ and investors’ perceptions of the “expectation gap”. Accounting Horizons, 15(4), 345–358
  • Monroe, G.S. and Woodcliff, D. (1994). An Empirical Investigation of the Audit Expectation Gap: Australian Evidence. Accounting and Finance, 47-74.
  • Ojo, M. (2006) Eliminating the Audit Expectation Gap: Myth or Reality?
  • Oyadonghan, J.K.(2006) Internal audit and the responsibility of preventing financial misappropriation in Bayelsa state public sector. Bayelsa J. Arts Sci., 1(2): 61-74.
  • P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  • Porter, B.(1991) Narrowing the audit expectation-performance gap: a contemporary approach. Pacific Accounting Review, 3(1):1-36.
  • Porter, B. (1990) The audit-expectation-performance gap and the role of external auditors in society. Unpublished PhD thesis, Massey University.
  • Porter, B. and Gowthorpe, C. (2004). Audit Expectation Performance Gap in the United Kingdomin 1999 and Comparison with the Gap in New Zealand in 1989 and in 1999. Edinburgh: Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland
  • Porter, B.(1993). An empirical study of the audit expectation-performance gap. Accounting and Business Research, 24, p. 49-68
  • Porter, B., Simon, J. &Hatherly, D. (2005). Principles of external auditing. John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
  • Queenan, J. (1946). The public accountant of today and tomorrow. The Accounting Review,21(3): 254-260.
  • Raiborn, C. & Schorg, C. 2004. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: An analysis of comments on the accounting related provisions. Journal of Business and Management, 10(1):1-13.
  • Rezaee, Z. and Riley, R. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection (2nded.) New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
  • Robertson, J.C. (1996) Auditing. 8th Ed., Irwin, New York.
  • Salehi, M. and Rostami, V. (2009). Audit Expectation Gap: International Evidence. International Journal of Academic Research, 1(1).
  • Schelluch, P. and Gay, G. (2006). Assurance provided by auditors' reports on prospective financial information: Implications for the expectation Gap. Accounting and Finance, 46(4), 653 -676.
  • Shalkh, J.M. and Talha, M. (2003). Credibility and Expectation Gap in the Reporting on Uncertainties. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(6), 517 - 529.
  • Sidani, Y. M. (2007). The audit expectation gap: Evidence from Lebanon. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(3), 288–302.
  • Sikka, P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  • Swift, T. and Dando, N. (2002). From methods to ideologies: closing the Assurance Expectations Gap in Social and Ethical Accounting, Auditing and Reporting. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 8, 81 - 90- winter, 2002.
  • Whitting, O. and P any, K. (2004). Principles of Auditing and other Assurance Services (14th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill/Irwin.
    • " target="_blank">RIS     |
  • Godsell, D., (1992). Legal Liability and the Audit Expectation Gap, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 8, November, pp. 25-28.
  • Gramling, A., Schatxberg, J. and Wallace, A., (1996), “The Role of Undergraduate Auditing Coursework in Reducing Audit Expectation Gap”, Issues in Accounting Education, Spring, pp. 131-146.
  • Gupta, K. (2005). Contemporary Auditing (6th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
  • Guy, D. M., and. Sullivan D (1988). The Expectation Gap Auditing Standards, Journal of Accountancy, April, pp. 36-44.
  • Haniffa, R., &Hudaib, M. (2007). Locating audit expectations gap within a cultural context: The case of Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 16(2), 179–206.
  • Hayes, R., Schilder, A., Dassen, R. and Wallage, P. (1999). Principles of Auditing: An International Perspective. London: McGraw Hill
  • Humphrey, C. & Turley, P. (1992). The audit expectation gap in the Uni ted Kingdom. Institute Of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London.
  • Humphrey, C. G., Turley, W. S., & Moizer, P. (1993). The audit expectations gap in Britain: An empirical investigation. Accounting and Business Research, 23,395–411.
  • Jakubowski, S.T., Bruce, P., Stone, J. and Gomer, C. (2002). SAS 82'S efforts on fraud Discovery. CPA Journal, 72(2), 42 - 47.
  • Jarbou Y (2004). "Expectations gap between the financial community and the auditors and legal ways to address narrowing the gap", Journal of the Islamic University, a series of human studies, Volume 12, Number 2, P. 369.
  • Jennings, M., Kneer D.C., and Reckers P.M. (1993). The Significance of Audit Decision Aids and Pre-case Jurist's Attitude on Perceptions of Audit Firm Culpability and Liability, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.489-507
  • Lee T. H., Ali A. Md. and Gloeck J. D. (2009). The Audit Expectation Gap in Malaysia: An Investigation into its Causes and Remedies. South African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research, 9, 57-88.
  • Lee, T.H., and Ali, A.Md. (2008). The Evolution of Auditing: An Analysis of the Historical Development. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 4(12).
  • Leung, P., Coram, P., Cooper, B., Cosserat. G. & Gill. G. (2004). Modern auditing &assurance service (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Australia.
  • Liggio, C. (1974). The expectation gap: The Accountant Waterloo. Journal of Contemporary Business, 3, 27-44.
  • Lim, H., (1993), Address by the ICPAS President, Mr Lim Hock San, Singapore Accountant, Vol. 9, pp 9.
  • Lin, Z.J. and Chen, F. (2004). An Empirical Study of Audit 'Expectation Gap' in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Auditing, 8. p. 93-115.
  • Lowe, D. J. (1994). The expectation gap in the legal system: Perception differences between auditors and judges. Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(3), 39–44.
  • Mahadevaswany, G. H. and Saleh, M. (2008). Audit Expectation Gap in Auditor Responsibilities: Comparison between India and Iran. International Journal of Business and Management,3 (11), 134-142
  • Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(7). p. 897-915.
  • Matthews, M.R. and M.H.R. Perera(1996) Accounting Theory Development. The International Thomson Publishers, Melbourne.
  • McEnroe, J. E., & Martens, S. C. (2001). Auditors’ and investors’ perceptions of the “expectation gap”. Accounting Horizons, 15(4), 345–358
  • Monroe, G.S. and Woodcliff, D. (1994). An Empirical Investigation of the Audit Expectation Gap: Australian Evidence. Accounting and Finance, 47-74.
  • Ojo, M. (2006) Eliminating the Audit Expectation Gap: Myth or Reality?
  • Oyadonghan, J.K.(2006) Internal audit and the responsibility of preventing financial misappropriation in Bayelsa state public sector. Bayelsa J. Arts Sci., 1(2): 61-74.
  • P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  • Porter, B.(1991) Narrowing the audit expectation-performance gap: a contemporary approach. Pacific Accounting Review, 3(1):1-36.
  • Porter, B. (1990) The audit-expectation-performance gap and the role of external auditors in society. Unpublished PhD thesis, Massey University.
  • Porter, B. and Gowthorpe, C. (2004). Audit Expectation Performance Gap in the United Kingdomin 1999 and Comparison with the Gap in New Zealand in 1989 and in 1999. Edinburgh: Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland
  • Porter, B.(1993). An empirical study of the audit expectation-performance gap. Accounting and Business Research, 24, p. 49-68
  • Porter, B., Simon, J. &Hatherly, D. (2005). Principles of external auditing. John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
  • Queenan, J. (1946). The public accountant of today and tomorrow. The Accounting Review,21(3): 254-260.
  • Raiborn, C. & Schorg, C. 2004. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: An analysis of comments on the accounting related provisions. Journal of Business and Management, 10(1):1-13.
  • Rezaee, Z. and Riley, R. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection (2nded.) New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
  • Robertson, J.C. (1996) Auditing. 8th Ed., Irwin, New York.
  • Salehi, M. and Rostami, V. (2009). Audit Expectation Gap: International Evidence. International Journal of Academic Research, 1(1).
  • Schelluch, P. and Gay, G. (2006). Assurance provided by auditors' reports on prospective financial information: Implications for the expectation Gap. Accounting and Finance, 46(4), 653 -676.
  • Shalkh, J.M. and Talha, M. (2003). Credibility and Expectation Gap in the Reporting on Uncertainties. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(6), 517 - 529.
  • Sidani, Y. M. (2007). The audit expectation gap: Evidence from Lebanon. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(3), 288–302.
  • Sikka, P., Puxty, A., Wilmot, H. and Copper, C. (1998). The Impossibility of Eliminating the Expectation Gap: Some Theory and Evidence. Critical Perspective on Accounting, Vol.9(3); 299-330.
  • Swift, T. and Dando, N. (2002). From methods to ideologies: closing the Assurance Expectations Gap in Social and Ethical Accounting, Auditing and Reporting. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 8, 81 - 90- winter, 2002.
  • Whitting, O. and P any, K. (2004). Principles of Auditing and other Assurance Services (14th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill/Irwin.
    • " target="_blank">CSV

    Article Preview